Cause of the Difference between West and East Eating Habit

Do We See With Our Eyes or Brain?

Do We See With Our Eyes or Brain? Seeing our reality may appear to be basic and might be underestimated. However, the occipital projections structure the biggest piece of the cortex and are devoted to visual recognition. As light enters the students and hits the retina, a two dimensional picture is made and sent to the occipital flaps through geniculate and striate pathways. The occipital flaps process the visual data, translating and producing a picture which we comprehend. Along these lines it is contended that we see with our mind, not with our eyes. This exposition will show supporting proof for this announcement found in research of visual dreams. For example, we will examine the Ebbinghause deception just as Milner and Goodales (1995) vision for activity and vision for recognition model. Also, the Mã ¼ller-Lyer deception as clarified by Gregory (1996) will be examined just as the checker shadow dream (Adelson, 1993). The Ebbinghaus fantasy, is a notable psychological figment whereby two circles are key to littler or bigger circles individually. These littler circles encompass the focal circle. While both focal circles are a similar measurement, the encompassing circles give a setting which befuddled our impression of the size of these focal circles. Therefore, we see the focal circles to be distinctive in size (Giusberti, Cornoldi, De Beni, Massironi 1998). Milner and Goodale (1995) proposed the presence of two distinctive visual frameworks in the mind which satisfy various capacities. One framework is for vision for activity and aides engine activities through the dorsal pathway. This framework is dynamic when getting a handle on for things. The subsequent framework is vision for discernment through the ventral pathway, and controls observation and item acknowledgment (Goodale Milner, 1992). Supporting the thought of two visual frameworks, examines (Aglioti, DeSouza, Goodale, 1995; Vishton, 2004 ) have demonstrated that members requested to get a handle on the focal circles in the an Ebbinghaus figment designed from physical plate protests, the size of their grasp gap was not influenced by the dream and the impact of hallucination on their misjudgement of size diminished. Nonetheless, this hypothesis has been tested (Franz, Fahle, Bulthoff, Gegenfurtner, 2001; Smeets Brenner, 2006) by opposing discoveries announcing no separation among activity and recognition, and which have seen getting a handle on as inhumane toward the dream. Rose Bressan (2002) express that no single theory has yet adequately clarify the instrument behind the Ebbinghaus figment. The Mã ¼ller-Lyer deception contains two lines of equivalent length which have all the earmarks of being inconsistent when an internal and outward coordinated point is set at the closures. The line with internal pointing edge seems, by all accounts, to be longer while the line with outward pointing edge seems, by all accounts, to be shorter. Gregory (1966) recommends that in spite of the fact that what we see is a two dimensional equal line, our mind utilizes its information on the third measurement to wrongly add data to the boosts bringing about our understanding that one line is longer than the other. Size consistency is clarified as the minds capacity to gauge size (Weidner, Boers, Mathiak, Dammers, Fink, 2010). The visual framework can secure a stable apparent size, notwithstanding the reality the picture thought about the retina changes (Sperandio, Chen, Goodale, 2014). We in this manner see a picture made by our mind by a mix of the retinal picture size and separation data. The checker shadow fantasy (Adelson,1993) identifies with our view of shading and brilliance. Visual data prepared by our occipital projections is constantly balanced and hues apparent are because of the understanding of our environmental factors. The dream is made from a chessboard with changing dull and light squares. In the correct top corner is a chamber which mirrors its shadow on the board. Two squares are set apart with â€Å"A† and â€Å"B† on the chessboard. Square â€Å"A† is a dim square outside of the cylinder’s shadow. Square â€Å"B† is a light square under the shadow of the chamber. Square â€Å"A† is seen as darker than â€Å"B†. Be that as it may, they are the very same shading. Adelson (1993) gives two degrees of clarification to this hallucination. According to the visual framework clarification, signs are utilized to recognize the adjustments in splendor because of shadows. One of these signals are the nearby differ entiations, the squares on the chessboard are darker and lighter. The light hued square â€Å"B† is encircled by dim squares and it has all the earmarks of being lighter contrasted with its environmental factors, in spite of the fact that it is darker because of the shadow. The subsequent sign is variety because of the shadow which has delicate edges. The visual framework will in general disregard the slight splendor changes, additionally the item throwing the shadow is noticeable. Subsequently, the shading variety of the squares with sharp edges is deciphered by our occipital projections as changes in surface shading. An increasingly broad clarification gave by Adelson (1993) recommends it is imperative to stall the bigger picture into littler important segments to see the embodiment of the articles. The marvels of visual dreams give a genuine instances of the constraint of visual recognition. In addition, it shows that the mind includes data, for example, profundity signals to the crude visual contribution from our eyes to understand the 2 dimensional retinal pictures. For example, similarly as with the Ebbinghaus dream, the human cerebrum joins setting data normally. The neighboring littler and bigger circles sway on our judgment of size bringing about the focal circles to seem distinctive in size when this isn't the situation. Goodale and Milner (1994) theorized the Ebbinghaus hallucination to result from twofold separation among getting a handle on and shape discernment. Moreover, the Mã ¼ller-Lyer figment (Gregory, 1968) proposes the mind includes information on third measurement prompts to 2 dimensional retinal pictures. The clarification dependent on size consistency alludes to the mind reconsidering the scene dependent on the supposition that internal points seems, by al l accounts, to be nearer and henceforth the line has all the earmarks of being shorter. Adelsons (1993) checker shadow fantasy gives different clarifications. According to the visual framework hypothesis, signals of brilliance from the chessboard and shadow, sharp and delicate edges of difference lead to an apparent change in surface shading. While we see with our eyes as in data enters the visual framework by means of this opening, it is our brain’s occipital projections which process this data. The models gave from visual deceptions give supporting proof of this procedure. References Adelson, E. H. (1993) Perceptual association and the judgment of brilliance. Science, 262(5142), 2042-2045. Aglioti, S., DeSouza, J. F., Goodale, M.A. (1995). Size-differentiate deceptions trick the eye yet not the hand. Current Biology, 5, 679â€685. Franz, V. H., Fahle, M., Bulthoff, H. H., Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2001). Impacts of visual dreams on getting a handle on. Diary of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27, 1124-1144. Giusberti, F., Cornoldi, C., De Beni, R., Massironi, M. (1998). Perceptual Illusions in Imagery, European Psychologist, 3(4), 281-288. Goodale, M. A., Milner, A. D. (1992). Separate visual pathways for recognition and activity. Patterns in Neurosciences, 15, 20â€25. Gregory, R. L. (1966). Eye and Brain, The brain research of seeing. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson . Haart, O., Grace, E., Carey, D. P., Milne, A. B. (1999). More musings on seeing and getting a handle on the Mà ¼llerâ€Lyer hallucination. Neuropsychologia, 37(13), 1437-1444. Milner, A. D., Goodale, M. A. (1995). The visual cerebrum in real life. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Rose, D., Bressan, P. (2002). Going round around and around: shape impacts in the Ebbinghouse Illusion, Spatial Vision,15(2), 191â€203. Smeets, J. B., Brenner, E. (2006). 10 years of figments. Diary of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 1501â€1504. Sperandio, I., Chen, J., Goodale, M. (2014). Electrophysiological corresponds of size consistency. Diary of Vision, 14(10), 146-146. Vishton, P. M. (2004). Human vision centers around data pertinent to an assignment, to the weakness of data that isn't applicable. Social and Brain Sciences, 27(1), 53-54. Weidner, R., Boers, F., Mathiak, K., Dammers, J. Fink, G. R. (2010). The worldly elements of the Mã ¼ller-Lyer dream. Cerebral Cortex, 20(7), 1586-1595. The impact of review idleness on supremacy and recency impact in a word review test. SID1250948, STU1250948 Anglia Ruskin University Word mean report 2: Conceptual This current examination explores the recency impact within the sight of distracter task which remains in accordance with the Atkinson and Shiffrin multi store memory model. The sequential position impact was seen where 132 haphazardly chose individuals were approached to review straightforward words in a progression of six rounds which included three diverting assignments. A recency impact was seen within the sight of a distracter task. Similarly as with past investigations of recency impact was watched repudiating the forecasts of the multi store model. The consequence of the report is conversely with the discoveries of Bjork and Whitten (1970), as they uncovered that the introduced fundamental arithmetic assignment which makes delay, despite everything brought about striking recency impact. Presentation In free word review test, the sequential position impact delivered offers help for the multi store model of memory as it was recently researched (Deese Kauffman, 1957, Glanzer Kunitz 1966). Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) clarify the U-state of the sequential situation as the power impact is because of the principal words being moved to the drawn out memory and the recency impact rises up out of the transient memory. Higher review at first happens because of members practicing of the words toward the start of the rundown, allo

Book Riots Deals of the Day for May 2nd, 2019

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The Pigs Intellectual Exploitation in Animal Farm Essay

The Pigs Intellectual Exploitation in Animal Farm An author often writes a novel as a warning to mankind. In Animal Farm, George Orwell creates a world of animals that allegorically represent man. The intelligent pigs take advantage of the uneducated lower animals and take control of the farm. By showing the steady increase of the pigs intellectual exploitation of the lower animals, Orwell warns the reader of the importance of an education. Immediately after the revolution, the pigs began their intellectual exploitation of the lower farm animals by telling them that the cows milk would be mixed with apples for the benefit of the pigs health. It is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do†¦show more content†¦None of the animals seemed to quite understand what the two pigs seemed to talk about they werent informed properly. If the animals couldnt make informed choices, then they couldnt make good choices. Some animals had the proper education and learned to read and write. These same animals had such a lack of intelligence that they couldnt figure out what the pigs were talking about. When questions aroused about how in the Battle of Cowshed Comrade Napoleon wasnt as brave as they all thought, the only solution was to push the blame to Snowball. The pigs thought that if they explained to the lower animals how Snowball was against them, no one would look to Napoleon for the blame anymore. That was our mistake, comrade. For we know now----it is all written down in the secret documents that we have found----that in reality he was trying to lure us to our doom (80). If the animals were smarter and had better memories, they could have remembered this battle more vividly then they wouldnt have seen what the pigs were trying to accomplish. They would have seen how Squealer was manipulating their minds into thinking that Comrade Napoleon was the hero, Snowball was the enemy and he himself had been in on the humans plan with Jones. Not only did the pigs say Snowball betraye d Animal Farm, but they also suggested that he created mischief on the farm while the animals slept at night. After a terrible storm in November knockedShow MoreRelatedOrwell s Animal Farm As A Critique Of Bourgeoisie- Proletariat Relation And How Tyranny Operates1475 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell’s Animal Farm as a critique of Bourgeoisie- Proletariat Relation and How Tyranny Operates Literature is said to be the mirror of a society and one of the major functions of it has been to make people aware of their surroundings as well as themselves. While many writers of today might digress from the true purpose of writing, the classics have always held a special place in what may be called as the awakening of the individuals. In this context, George Orwell’s Animal Farm- A Fairy StoryRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm2708 Words   |  11 PagesLuke Shadley 20th Century Russia 10/16/14 Orwell’s Animal Farm: Fact and Fiction, Caution and Critique George Orwell’s Animal Farm is, first and foremost, a political satire warning against the pursuit of utopian desires through unjust and oppressive means. Operating under the pretense of an animal fable, Orwell disparages the use of political power to poach personal freedom. He effectively alerts his readers to the dangerous price that can accompany the so-called â€Å"pursuit of progress†. AndRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1957 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough George Orwell’s Animal Farm was created in order to mimic individuals as well as occurrences that took place during the Russian Revolution period, it is still possible to gain a comprehensive understanding of the text without a past knowledge of history through the exploitation of human nature’s imperfections. Following the publishment of his novel, Orwell confirmed that his goal in writing this fable was to expose the wrongdoing of the Soviet Union as well as the treachery of the true ideasRe ad MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1957 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough George Orwell’s Animal Farm was created in order to mimic individuals as well as occurrences that took place during the Russian Revolution period, it is still possible to gain a comprehensive understanding of the text without a past knowledge of history through the exploitation of human nature’s imperfections. Following the publishment of his novel, Orwell confirmed that his goal in writing this fable was to expose the wrongdoing of the Soviet Union as well as the treachery of the true ideasRead MorePeta s Use Of Visual Imagery As Rhetoric1979 Words   |  8 PagesPromoting Social Change and Animal Rights As one of the most well-recognized animal rights organizations, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, better known as PETA, uses different rhetorical techniques in order to convey their message that â€Å"it is the right of all beings - human and non-human - to be free of harm.† (peta.org) PETA has made a significant impact on the animal rights movement over the past 36 years through their persistence, campaigning, and advocating for animal rights. According toRead More Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Essay1940 Words   |  8 Pagestechnology is being used for both short range and also long range identification, in the short-range identification category, this innovation is used in practical applications like credit cards (pay wave, tap and go ect...), animal identification (domestic pets, farm animals). The long range applications of the RFID chip is used in aeroplanes to bounce back a signal to radio control signifying their plane identification, the long rang e application of the chip is used in many other systems for similarRead MoreIkea Case Study on Marketing22843 Words   |  92 Pagesreplacement technology/solutions, maturity of technology, manufacturing maturity and capacity, information and communications, consumer buying mechanisms/technology, technology legislation, innovation potential, technology access, licensing, patents, intellectual property issues, global communications. Marketing Mix theory8 Once the company has chosen its overall competitive marketing strategy, it is ready to begin planning the details of the marketing mix. The marketing mix is one of the dominant ideasRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagescompetence Deal with ambiguity Speed Emotional intelligence Communication skills Leadership attributes Less controlling Shares authority Culturally attuned Encourages challenge Clear vision Comfortable with risk Creates a motivated business Manages intellectual diversity Entrepreneurial hiring,† or cognitive activities such as â€Å"transcending fear,† skills can be consciously demonstrated, practiced, improved, or restrained by individuals themselves. Skills may certainly engage other people and requireRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pageswhat it does best and partnering and creating alliances for everything else Global integration in which components can be shipped from country to country for manufacturing purposes before final production Corporate emphasis on an organization’s intellectual strength All these factors are just some of the management innovations that have been basic drivers of productivity and profitability growth. Figure 1 shows data from our company’s experience with the strong results of such business management

Harlem Renaissance Essay - 1069 Words

HARLEM RENAISSANCE Throughout the history of African Americans, there have been important historical figures as well as times. Revered and inspirational leaders and eras like, Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement, Nat Turner and the slave revolt, or Huey Newton and the Black Panther Party. One such period that will always remain a significant part of black art and culture is the Harlem Renaissance. It changed the meaning of art and poetry, as it was known then. Furthermore, the Harlem Renaissance forever left a mark on the evolution of the black culture. The Harlem Renaissance found its birth in the early 1920s, in Harlem, New York. The period has been thought of as one of African Americans greatest times in writing.†¦show more content†¦Weldons collection also included a young talented poet named Langston Hughes. Hughes had a love for music, mainly the blues, which became a bridge between African American Literature and Folk music. Zora Neale Hurston, an anthropologist originally born in Florida, wrote the literary magazine Fire! Although it lasted only one issue because of financial difficulties, Hughes, publisher Wallace Thurman, and a number of other influential black artists had shared in making one of most recognized Harlem Renaissance materials. Hurston later went on to publish Their Eyes were Watching God, in 1937, still keeping with the themes of strong black characters. Music was another art form found in the Harlem Renaissance. It became the background, inspiration, and the structure for the Harlem Renaissance literature. A style of music known as jazz represented the new, urban, unpredictable lifestyle. One of the greatest jazz singers of this time was Bessie Smith. She was a southerner and her recordings were rare for black performers during her time. Duke Ellington, whose legendary band played at the Cotton Club, personifies jazz. Charlie Parker and Billie Holiday would also record jazz music form the 1930s until the 1950s. Langston Hughes was one of the few poets that would combine both blues and jazz to create an original art form. Claude McKay used the jazz atmosphere in his novel Home to Harlem. In this novel, he presentedShow MoreRelatedHarlem And The Harlem Renaissance Essay2269 Words   |  10 Pagessouthern African Americans migrated to a city called Harlem in New York. They relocated due to dogmatism and intolerance of melanin diverging out the of pores of many white southerners. The African Americans who migrated found new opportunities both economic and artistic that resulted to the creation of a stable middle class Black –Americans (Dover, 2006). This was the Harlem Renaissance a cultural, social, and artistic explosion. The core of Harlem expressed by Alain Locke is that through art, â€Å"negroRead MoreHarlem And The Harlem Renaissance1430 Words   |  6 Pagesmoved in to urban cities such as Chicago, Detroit, and Harlem. Out of these northern metropolises, the most popular wa s Harlem; â€Å"here in Manhattan (Harlem) is not merely the largest Negro community in the world, but the first concentration in history of so many diverse element of Negro life†(1050). Harlem became the mecca of black people, and between the years of 1920 and the late 1930s it was known as the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance, brought artiest, poets, writers, musicians, and intelligentRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance850 Words   |  4 Pages Giselle Villanueva History IB Mr. Flores February 7, 2016 Period 4 Word Count: 693 Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was the first period in the history of the United States in which a group of black poets, authors, and essayist seized the opportunity to express themselves. The Great Migration was the movement of six million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North during 1916 to 1970. Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationistRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance1154 Words   |  5 PagesIV AP 16 November 2015 The Harlem Renaissance The early 1900s was a time marked with tragedy in America. Started and ended with the Great Depression in between, it was not America s finest moment. Prohibition was in place, the Klu Klux Klan was still marching, and the Lost Generation was leaving for Paris. But despite the troubling times, people still found beauty and meaning in the world around them. They still created art and celebrated life. The Harlem Renaissance was an artistic and literaryRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance941 Words   |  4 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement, in the early 1920’s, that involved vibrancies of new life, ideas, and perceptions. The large migration of African Americans northward, after World War I, allowed people of color the opportunity to collaborate in the New York City neighborhood, known as Harlem. This renaissance allowed the city to thrive on a refined understanding and appreciation of the arts. Many individuals were involved in this movement including doctors, s tudents, shopkeepers,Read MoreThe Harlem Renaissance1317 Words   |  6 Pagesday is the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is the cultural movement of the 1920’s. The movement essentially kindled a new black cultural identity through art, literature and intellect. The Harlem Renaissance started during the Roaring Twenties. It took place in Harlem, New York. It became most prominent in the mid to late 1920’s and it diminished toward the early 1930’s (Henderson). The Harlem Renaissance was initially called the New Negro Movement or the New Negro Renaissance. It was theRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chapter 1 Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harlem Renaissance, an African American cultural movement of the 1920s and early 1930s that was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. According to Wintz: The Harlem Renaissance was â€Å"variously known as the New Negro movement, the New Negro Renaissance, and the Negro Renaissance, the movement emerged toward the end of World War I in 1918, blossomed in the mid- to late 1920s, and then withered in the mid-1930sRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesHARLEM RENAISSANCE Throughout the history of African Americans, there have been important historical figures as well as times. Revered and inspirational leaders and eras like, Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement, Nat Turner and the slave revolt, or Huey Newton and the Black Panther Party. One such period that will always remain a significant part of black art and culture is the Harlem Renaissance. It changed the meaning of art and poetry, as it was known then. Furthermore, theRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance Of The 1920s1557 Words   |  7 Pagesnot until the evil intentions of slavery crossed mankind’s thoughts that hue became our downfall, our separator. White supremacy eroded the idea of equality, and darker hues began to symbolize worthlessness, inferiority, and ugliness. The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s evoked the idea of black consciousness and pride. It was a movement established to express black literature, art, music, and culture. Blacks began to wear their dark hue like a badge of honor. Art, literature, and music became theRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay524 Words   |  3 Pages Harlem Renaissance nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Harlem Renaissance was a time of racism, injustice, and importance. Somewhere in between the 1920s and 1930s an African American movement occurred in Harlem, New York City. The Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African-Americans and redefined African-American expression. It was the result of Blacks migrating in the North, mostly Chicago and New York. There were many significant figures, both male and female, that had taken part

Where Do I See Myself in 10 years Free Essays

Started from being a little girl who didn’t know what was right or wrong, a girl who just looked at everyone thinking they were weird looking or funny, a girl who loved her family just as much has she loved her binky. To being a woman today with big hopes and dreams, a woman who one day will pursue her goal to being an athletic trainer, and to one day have a family of four. Ten years from now I desire to finish college with a masters in athletic training and work with a professional sports team. We will write a custom essay sample on Where Do I See Myself in 10 years? or any similar topic only for you Order Now I want to save lives in the future and in order for that to happen, I must complete my goals. The beginning of sixth grade was when I first was involved with sports. I loved basketball, but it also was the only sport I did for a year. The next year was when I really got involved with all sports. I participated in volleyball. I never really thought that I, not the smallest or bravest girl, would enjoy volleyball but I did. It was so fun and I was actually good at it! I was so surprised by the end of the season. I was able to block, reach over the net, hit, pass, and I wasn’t afraid to fall to the ground. Now, being a senior in high school and over half way to graduating I absolutely love volleyball. My dream ever since freshman year when we went to a WSU volleyball game was to be college student playing volleyball on a college court in front of a big crowd shouting of my name because I have played great. Since then I have come to realize that I am too short to play college volleyball. I feel really tall next to my friends and family members but when I stand next to the college volleyball players I am a shrimp. I want to do something with my life that involves sports. I feel like sports make up my personality. Even if I am weak at some sports, it helped build up my leadership, my confidence to achieve something that I need to work on, and my ability to stay competitive against others. The closest career that dealt with sports and made a decent amount of money was athletic training. Taping injuries, teaching the players’ different exercises, and much more sounds so fun and a career that I can spend the rest of my life to doing. I someday hope to be working at a college that I graduated from hoping to be either Boise State University or University of Montana. My goal is to have started a family business to help my family out with money and also to help people that are in need of sports injuries. I want my business to be a gym where members can workout. When they get an injury or have a question about an injury, I will have employees by their side in no time to answer their questions. If the member wants they can have a personal trainer to help him or her out. This business will have a gym and such others there they can play basketball, tennis, racquetball, weight room, and etc. I hope to make the business fun but yet a serious place where people with such injuries can get the help that they need to make their lives better. My future ahead of me looks bright and exciting. I want to achieve my goals in order my future to end up what I have wrote above. How to cite Where Do I See Myself in 10 years?, Papers

Processor of Frozen Foods free essay sample

Over time, the costs of processing go down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient. In color film processing, for example, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print fell from 50 cents for five-day service in 1970 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. The same principle applies to the processing of food. And since Olympic Foods will soon celebrate its 25th birthday, we can expect that our long experience will enable us to minimize costs and thus maximize profits. The Olympic Foods tries to convince its stockholders through its annual report that it can increase profits as it has long experience. This is supported by comparing with a color film industry in which, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print feel from 50 cents for five-day service in 1970 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. This argument makes some assumptions which is not supported with evidences. The Olympic Foods wrongly compares itself with a color film processing industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Processor of Frozen Foods or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The techniques and environment applicable to the color film processing industry may not be applicable to the food processing industry. What applies to a color film may not apply to food. For example, irrespective of the company’s experience, the time taken for a food to ferment would not change significantly. Just the 25 years of experience cannot be mentioned as a reason for increased profits. Other factors such as climate, market competition would also affect the profit of a company. With all such factors taken into consideration, if it can be proved that experience helps in reducing costs and maximizing profits, the argument would be strengthened. Since the argument misses several key issues, it is not very sound. If it included the points discussed above, the argument could have been thorough and more convincing.

The Importance of Salt

The Importance of Salt Free Online Research Papers The importance of salt throughout history Almost no place on earth is without salt, though this was not clear until revealed by modern geology, in the twentieth century. Until then, salt was desperately searched for, traded for, and fought over. For millennia salt represented wealth. Soldiers and sometimes workers were paid in salt; it was a substance so valuable it served as currency. Salt has influenced the establishment of trade routes, helped with the preservation of food, has helped in the development of both chemistry and geology, is seen as a symbol in religion, and has been associated with love. Today, after thousands of years of, coveting, fighting over, hoarding, taxing, and searching for salt, it appears picturesque, and slightly foolish. Salt became one of the first international commodities of trade, its production was one of the first industries, and in return, the first state monopoly. Europeans are a very good example of how salt aided in the preservation of food, and therefore allowed foods to be traded. In the ninth century, the Basques had a well-established whaling business, and were visited by an intruder, the Vikings. The Vikings did not have a central location like Genoa or Venice, and their northern home provided them with little to trade. If they had had a source of salt, they would have been able to trade salted meats like the Celts, or salted fish like the Phoenicians. Without salt, meat and fish were too perishable to trade. Although the Vikings were superb ship builders, mariners, and traders, it didn’t matter. Without salt, all the Vikings had to trade were tools made from walrus tusk and reindeer antler. Up until about the twentieth century, all valuable food depended upon whether it could be preserved by salt or not. They knew all sorts of facts and tricks about salt curing. For example, Europeans found that fat resists salt and slows the rate at which salt impregnates fish. Also, oily fish, after salting, must be pressed tightly in barrels to be preserved, whereas cod can be simply laid in salt, and that fatty fish cannot be exposed to air in curing, because the fat will become rancid. In the ninth century, the Basques discovered an extremely profitable item, the Atlantic cod. Once they started salting it, the market became enormous. The entire formerly Roman world ate salt fish, which is what made this fish great for trading. It preserved unusually well, and after one or more days of soaking in fresh water, it was whiter, leaner, and better, than the Mediterranean species that had been used before. Cod, being a fatless fish, air-dried and salt-cured, and stiff as planks of wood, c ould be stacked on wagons and hauled over roads, even in warm Mediterranean climates. Without salt that would have never been possible, and the trading market grew immensely because of it. The Vikings also found ways to trade salt cod, and even began establishing drying stations for the cod in Iceland, to produce the export. All of the fishing nations of northern Europe wanted to participate in the new, rapidly growing, extremely profitable salt cod market. Because of how popular the market was, like now with supply and demand, the more the people wanted it, the more they would make. In order for the Europeans to make more, they needed quicker and more efficient ways of supplying salt. Through geology and chemistry, Europeans began to recognize that the natural solar evaporation of seawater was the most cost-effective way to produce salt. The Bay of Bourgneuf soon became the leading salt center, because its climate suited the new discovery of solar evaporated salt. The bay also had the advantage of being located on the increasingly important Atlantic coast and was connected to a river that could carry the salt inland. Guerande on the north side of the mouth of Loire River, Bourgneuf on the southern side, and the island of Noirmoutier facing them, became major sea salt-producing areas. Just like that, sal t could influence and secure a city, because for the time being that’s where the highest demand of salt was. While this market was booming, the Basques continued to sail out with their enormous amounts of salt, and return with them stacked high with cod. They dominated the fast-growing salt cod market. Everyone knew of this market: but besides the Basques, fisherman of the British Isles, Scandinavia, Holland, Brittany, and the French Atlantic, also caught cod in the middle ages. Salt is mainly recognized for preserving food, but it was used for many other things, like to cure leather, clean chimneys, for soldering pipes, and glaze pottery. Salt was used also as a medicine for a wide variety of complaints, from toothaches, to upset stomachs, to ‘heaviness of the mind.’ Still, the salt cod market was the main reason the need for sea salt increased enormously. Sea salt was believed to be the only salt suitable for cuing fish, but there were other salts out there. French bay salt was gray, black or even green. The better salts were the Northern salts made from boiling peat, and the southern salts that were far whiter, which meant purer. Salt was so valuable, it could shape society, and was separated by classes. A higher class household used bay salt for curing, but would use the more costly, Northern and Southern white salt for the table. Middle-class homes bought the inexpensive bay salt, dissolved it into brine, and boiled the brine over a fire un til it was more suitable for serving. The British used the cheaper bay salt for their armies. To them, salt was regarded as of strategic importance because salt cod became one of the main rations of the British navy. A standard procedure to prepare for war was to obtain a large quantity of salt and start salting fish and meat. The provisions necessary to withstand a long siege were herring, eels, bream, and cod, all salted. Throughout history, even before salt was so valuable, and such a huge product in trade, people realized the importance of it. Romans called a man in love salax, in a salted state. In Pyrenees, bridal couples went to the church with salt in their left pockets to guard against impotence. In Germany the bride’s shoes were sprinkled with salt. ‘A French folktale relates the story of a princess who declares to her father, â€Å"I love you like salt,† and he, angered by the slight, banishes her from the kingdom. Only later when he is denied salt does he realize its value and therefore the depth of his daughter’s love.’ Salt is so common, so easy to obtain, and so inexpensive that we have forgotten that from the beginning of civilization until about 100 years ago, salt was one of the most sought- after commodities in human history. Religion has been shaped around salt too. Salt was to the ancient Hebrews, and still is to modern Jews, the symbol of the eter nal nature of god’s covenant, with Israel. In the Torah, the book of numbers it written in â€Å"it is a covenant of salt forever before the lord.† On Friday nights Jews dipped the Sabbath bread in salt. In Judaism bread is a symbol of food, which is a gift from god and dipping the bread in salt preserves it – keeps the agreement between god and his people. All over the world, from food to religion, to armies, salt has had an impact on it. The incentive of salt cod profits, combined with the improved solar evaporation, greatly improved sea salt production, especially in Europe. This increase in salt made more fish available, and made them available longer. Instead of fisherman having to rush to the market before their fish rotted, they could now stay out for days salting their catch. They caught more, and were able to keep it fresher longer. The salt intake in Europeans, although most of it was consumed in the eating of fish, grew from forty grams per day in the sixteenth century, to seventy grams a day in the eighteenth century. ‘Salt, the only rock we eat, has made a glittering, often surprising contribution to the history of humankind.’ Research Papers on The Importance of SaltDefinition of Export QuotasCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionTwilight of the UAWGenetic EngineeringMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaPETSTEL analysis of India19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Nannie Doss, Serial Killer Profile and Biography

Nannie Doss, Serial Killer Profile and Biography Nannie Doss was a serial killer who earned the monikers The Giggling Nanny,† The Giggling Granny, and The Jolly Black Widow after going on a killing spree that began in the 1920s and ended in 1954. Doss was easy to entertain. Her favorite pastimes included reading romance novels and poisoning members of her family to death. Childhood Years Nannie Doss was born Nancy Hazle on Nov. 4, 1905, in Blue Mountain, Alabama, to James and Lou Hazle. Much of Doss childhood was spent avoiding the wrath of her father who ruled the family with an abusive iron fist. If they were needed to work on the farm, James Hazle gave little thought to pulling the children out of school. With education being a low priority in the Hazle family, there were no objections when Nannie decided to leave school for good after completing the sixth grade. Head Injury When Nannie was 7 years old, she was on a train that suddenly stopped, causing her to fall forward and hit her head. After the incident, she suffered for years with migraine headaches, blackouts, and depression. Teenage Years From early on James Hazle refused to allow his daughters to do anything to enhance their appearance. Pretty dresses and makeup were not allowed nor were friendships with boys. It was not until Doss got her first job in 1921 that she had any real social interaction with the opposite sex. At the age of 16, instead of attending school and worrying about prom night, Doss was working in a linen factory and spending her spare time with her head buried in her favorite pastime, reading romance magazines, especially the lonely hearts club section. The One Who Got Away: Charley Braggs While working at the factory Doss met Charley Braggs who worked at the same factory and took care of his unmarried mother. The two began dating and within five months they were married and Doss moved in with Braggs and his mother. If what she hoped by marrying was to escape the oppressive environment she grew up in, she must have been disappointed. Her mother-in-law turned out to be extremely controlling and manipulative. Motherhood The Braggs had their first child in 1923 and three more followed over the next three years. Doss life had become a prison of raising children, taking care of her demanding mother-in-law, and putting up with Charley who was an abusive, adulterous drunk. To cope, she began drinking at night and managed to get out to local bars for her own adulterous fun. Their marriage was doomed. The Death of Two Children and a Mother-In-Law In 1927, soon after the birth of their fourth child, the Braggs two middle children died by what doctors labeled as food poisoning. Suspecting that Doss had poisoned the children, Braggs took off with the oldest child, Melvina, but oddly enough left the newborn, Florine, and his mother behind. Not long after he left his mother died. Doss remained in the Bragg home until a year later when her husband returned with Melvina and his new girlfriend. The two divorced and Doss left with her two daughters and moved back to her parents home. Charley Braggs ended up being the only husband that Nannie did not poison to death. Husband #2 - Frank Harrelson Alone again, Doss returned to her childhood passions  of reading romance magazines and the lonely hearts column, only this time she began corresponding with some of the men who advertised there. It was through the classified column that she met her second husband, Robert Harrelson. Doss, 24, and Harrelson, 23, met and married and the couple, along with Melvina and Florine, lived together in Jacksonville. Once again Doss would find out that she had not married a man with the character of her romance novel men. Quite the opposite. Harrelson turned out to be a drunk and in debt. His favorite pastime was to get into bar fights. But somehow the marriage lasted until Harrelsons death, 16 years later. Doss Becomes a Grandmother, But Not for Long In 1943, Doss oldest daughter, Melvina, had her first child, a son named Robert and then another in 1945. But the second child, a healthy girl, died soon after being born for unexplained reasons. Later Melvina recalled, while she was in and out of consciousness after her difficult delivery, seeing her mother stick a hatpin into the head of the infant, but no proof of the incident was ever found. On July 7, 1945, Doss was taking care of Melvinas son Robert, after she and her daughter had a fight over Doss disapproval of Melvinas new boyfriend. That night, while in Doss care, Robert died of what doctors said was asphyxia from unknown causes. Within a few months, Doss collected $500 on an insurance policy she had taken out  on  the boy. Frank Harrelson Dies On September 15, 1945, Frank Harrelson became ill and died. Doss would later tell the story of Frank coming home drunk and raping her. The next day, acting on revenge, she poured rat poison into his corn whiskey jar, then watched as Harrelson died a painful and miserable death. Husband #3 - Arlie Lanning Figuring it had worked once to snag a husband, Doss returned to the classified ads to find her next true love. It worked and within two days of meeting each other, Doss and Arlie Lanning were married. Just like her late husband, Lanning was an alcoholic, but not a violent one. This time it was Doss who would take off for weeks and sometimes months at a time. In 1950, after two and a half years of marriage, Lanning became ill and died. At the time it was believed that he died of a heart attack brought on by the flu that was going around. He showed all the symptoms - fever, vomiting, stomach pains. With his history of drinking, doctors believed his body simply succumbed to it and an autopsy was not performed. Lannings house was left to his sister and within two months the house burned down before the sister had taken ownership. Doss moved in temporarily with her mother-in-law, but when she received an insurance check to cover the damages of the burned house, she took off. Doss wanted to be with her sister, Dovie, who was dying of cancer. Just before she was set to move to her sisters home, her mother-in-law died in her sleep. Not surprisingly, Dovie soon died too, while in Doss care. Husband #4 - Richard L. Morton This time Doss decided that, instead of limiting her search for a husband through the classified ads, she would try joining a singles club. She joined the Diamond Circle Club which is where she met her fourth husband, Richard L. Morton of Emporia, Kansas. The two married in October 1952 and made their home in Kansas. Unlike her previous husbands, Morton was not an alcoholic, but he did turn out to be adulterous. When Doss learned that her new husband was seeing his old girlfriend on the side, he didnt have long to live. Besides, she already had her sights on a new man from Kansas named Samuel Doss. But before she could take care of Richard, her father died and her mother Louisa came for a visit. Within days her mother was dead after complaining of severe stomach cramps. Husband Morton succumbed to the same fate three months later. Husband #5 - Samuel Doss After the death of Morton, Nannie moved to Oklahoma and soon became Mrs. Samuel Doss. Sam Doss was a Nazarene minister who was dealing with the death of his wife and nine of his children who were killed by a tornado that had engulfed Madison County, Arkansas. Doss was a good and decent man, unlike other men that had been in Nannies life. He was not a drunk, womanizer or a wife abuser. He was instead a decent church-going man who fell head over heels for Nannie. Unfortunately Samuel Doss had one major flaw that would be his demise. He was painfully frugal and boring. He led a regimented life and expected the same of his new bride. No romance novels or love stories on television were permitted and bedtime was at 9:30 p.m. every night. He also kept tight control over the money and gave very little to his new wife. This did not sit right with Nannie, so she returned to Alabama, but soon came back after Samuel agreed to sign her to his checking account. With the couple reunited and Doss having access to the money, she acted the role of the caring doting wife. She convinced Samuel to take out two life insurance policies, leaving her as the only benefactor. Almost before the ink dried, Samuel was in the hospital complaining of stomach problems. He managed to survive almost two weeks and recovered enough to return home. On his first night home from the hospital, Doss served him a nice home cooked meal and hours later Samuel was dead. Samuel Doss doctors were alarmed at his sudden passing and ordered an autopsy. It turned out his organs were full of arsenic and all fingers were pointing at Nannie Doss as the culprit. Police brought Doss in for questioning and she confessed to killing four of her husbands, her mother, her sister Dovie, her grandson Robert and Arlie Lannings mother. 15 Minutes of Fame Despite being a horrific murderer, Doss seemed to enjoy the limelight of her arrest and often joked about her dead husbands and the method she used to kill them, such as the sweet potato pie that she laced with arsenic. Those in the courtroom passing judgment on her failed to see the humor. On May 17, 1955, Doss, who was 50 years old, confessed to murdering Samuel and in return, she was given a life sentence. In 1963, after spending eight years in prison, she died of leukemia in the Oklahoma State Penitentiary. Prosecutors never pursued charging Doss for any additional murders. Most believe, however, that Nannie Doss might have killed up to 11 people.

Role Of Women In Arabic Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Role Of Women In Arabic Society - Assignment Example Women in the Arab society are discriminated against especially in institutions such as marriage and areas such as inheritance and divorce. Women are not allowed to own property in some classes. Divorce will always almost favor the men and women end up suffering from the outcome of the divorce. Women in this society are considered a source of evil, social disorder and anarchy, and deception. This consideration is adopted by the prevailing religious ideology. Therefore, the society has created a certain standard of morality that stresses values and norm associated with traditional ideas of motherhood, wifehood, and femininity for the woman (Barakat, 1993). The woman in the society has been relieved of all financial responsibilities that the family might require. These responsibilities are the duties of the father who is seen as the provider of the family. A lot of changes have been witnessed throughout the world in regards changes in the family set up and socio-economic trends. The Arab community has also witnessed major changes especially towards how the woman is viewed in the society. Many women are being educated in the Arab community. This has allowed women to be involved in jobs in the public sectors in contrast to the traditional household women. Education Has made a lot of women to be providers of some of the families and has gained economical independence from the men. The changes in Arab society have begun to undermine traditional roles, relationships, and values within the Arab family.

The differences of entrepreneurship in China and Japan Research Paper

The differences of entrepreneurship in China and Japan - Research Paper Example es is China; consequently, many American firms have set up their manufacturing firm there in order to take advantage of not only the low taxes but also the comparatively cheap labor. Considering this, one can identify a significant difference between the costs of doing business in China verses Japan. The tax rates in China is at 25 percent, which is one of the lowest in Asia, with some parts of China such as the Taiwan province where taxes are as low as 16 percent. As such, entrepreneurs do not have to pay much in taxes, and this encourages more people to invest therein, whether they are locals, or foreigners. In sharp contrast, Japan has the highest tax rate among the countries in the region, standing at approximately 40 percent (EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation, 2011). This is almost as high as that the United States being the second highest in the OECD member states after the USA. This inevitably has made it more difficult for small business to take off in Japan unlike i n China, and the international firms are more likely to choose Japan over China in an effort to cut costs. A decisive way in which the difference between Chinese and Japanese entrepreneurship can be differentiated is in their corporate cultures, the Japanese leverage their corporate culture with the intention of producing high quality products and services, by patiently building their global reputations on diligence and quality. When a Japanese firm employs someone, it is done under the assumption that the person will stay with the firm indefinitely and they take loyalty extremely seriously as opposed to the bottom line. For instance, a firm in Japan is expected to make decisions that will allow the firm to avoid laying off workers even in times of crisis; however, a Chinese firm may take... Entrepreneurship can be defined in among other ways, as a process that causes changes in economic systems through the innovations facilitated by individuals as they respond or generate economic activities opportunities that add value to both themselves and society in which they live and do business. Ultimately, the roles of entrepreneurs who run the small and medium sized business enterprises cannot be overrated. Entrepreneurship, especially in the small and medium size enterprises is undoubtedly an integral part of the economies of both Japan and China. Despite the many differences that exist in the entrepreneurship, in the two countries, it noteworthy that the business cultures in both countries are closely related and unlike their western counterparts, business transactions are personalized and people oriented. Foreigners wishing to start a small business in either country have to be well versed in the business cultures of the respective countries, and failure to do this can resul t in frustration. Personal trust is valued in both countries and especially in Japan, contracts are not considered final and are open to be renegotiated, and one needs to be introduced to clients and customers by someone who knows them, as opposed to just approaching them as is characteristic of business interactions in the west. However, despite the cultural similarities, entrepreneurs wishing to start or run a successful business in any of these two countries will encounter a variety of different situations depending on the country in question.

Women and Mathematics Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Women and Mathematics Call me a bigot if you want but men are better mathematicians than women. Year after year, men score higher on the SAT’s, more men receive prestigious educations from the best technical schools in the nation, and men obtain more degrees, secure more jobs and get promoted more often. â€Å"The ETS report on students taking the SAT examinations indicates that males have traditionally scored 40-50 points higher on the mathematics section† (Women) â€Å"In 1996, California Institute of Technology’s enrollment was 75% male, Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s enrollment was 62% male, Renssalear Polytechnic Institute’s enrollment was 77% male, Rochester Institute of Technology’s enrollment was is 68% male, and Worchester Institute of Technology’s enrollment was 79% male† (Baron’s). The future for women who enter the work place as mathematicians is no more encouraging. â€Å"Roughly three times as many wom en are unemployed and six times as many women are in part time positions. The female mathematicians who acquire these full time jobs are less likely than men to be promoted to a position such as full or associate professor† (awm-math.org). Females’ lack of success as mathematicians has nothing to do with their mathematical potential. The reason females do not excel in mathematical fields can be explained by high school course selection, social pressures and support and not by genetic differences. Psychologists have studied the impact of environment on human development for years. Most would agree that environment does shape us and play a role in some way or another. It is no wonder that mathematics has the tendency to turn women off. The world has ... ...cs. In the years, the country has started to realize the injustice it has been doing females in the field of mathematics. I believe that in the future these biases and disadvantages will be a thing of the past. Females have the mental capability to perform on an equal level with all respected and distinguished male mathematicians, but first social pressures and stereotypes must be eliminated. Works Cited [1] Association for Women in Mathematics. Education and Career. http://www.awm-math.org/. [2] Chipman, Susan F. Women and Mathematics: Balancing the Equation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 1985 [3] Custard, Edward T. The Princeton Review Student Advantage Guide to the Best 301 Colleges. Random House, Inc. New York, 1996 [4] Nolan, Deborah. Women in Mathematics: Scaling the Heights. The Mathematical Association of America, 1997

Is Everyone a Victim in I’m Not Scared?

Niccole Amanita, is a tale about Michele, a nine year old boy who lives in the small Italian town of Aqua Traverse where he stumbles upon a hole which has a shocking discovery in It. This unknowingly throws Michele Into a world of danger. How great Is this danger? It's dangerous enough that everyone becomes a volt of one type or another. Fillips, the kidnapped boy, Is a volt of kidnap. Michele, the protagonist, Is a victim of bribery and violence. Papa, Missile's father, is a victim of poverty.These are just a few examples of people that are victims. Everyone in the novel is a victim though. Fillips is a kind, loving boy, who is thrust into a world of danger and betrayal. He did not ask for this to happen but it happened anyway. He is kidnapped by the adults of Aqua Traverse, who have kidnapped him for a ransom. They never intended to kill Fillips, until things get out of hand and they eventually decide to kill him. This clearly shows that Fillips is a victim of kidnap. Fillips is b rutally abused and treated like an animal.This is despicable and should not be done. Unfortunately, because of the situation the whole town Is In, they become desperate and this Is why they kidnap him. This clearly shows that Fillips Is a victim. Michele Is also a victim In the novel â€Å"I'm Not Scared†. He Is not a volt Like Fillips, a victim of kidnap and violence, but rather a volt of bribery and betrayal. Often, attempted bribery takes place but Michele usually sees through this. When Michele receives the red bike from Pin, his father, he is forced to pretend that he likes it.But really, he can see through the web of lies that are presented in these types of forms. Although there was one type of gift that was presented like this which he didn't see the lies behind. At the beginning of the novel, when Pin returns home for the first time in a while, he brings home a model of a nodal. This is very early on in the book, at a point where Michele knows about the boy in the wh ole, but doesn't start to speculate who he is or how he got there. The model gondola Is simply the beginning of the attempted bribery to say that everything Is perfectly normal.As Pin said â€Å"Its men you should be afraid of' and this shows that Michele Is starting to become afraid of his father as his father tries to bribe him with gifts. As Michele can see the real reason for him being given the bike this makes Michele uncomfortable and ultimately makes him a victim of bribery and betrayal. Pin, Missile's father is a victim of poverty. He is driven to do the deeds that he does, not because he is evil, but because he is extremely poor. One may argue that Pin is an evil man but he is actually not.He only wants to protect his family and give them the best life possible. To do this he, along with the other adults in the town, goes to the ultimate extreme by kidnapping Fillips, a helpless boy and brutally abuses him and holds him captive. This is absolutely shocking. Deep down, Pin Nominator may have some evil in him, but this side is only brought out by Sergei, the mastermind of the whole scheme. â€Å"We didn't accept charity from anyone† Is a tote that Teresa Maltreat says, which demonstrates Just how poor the family really Is.Being In poverty leads him to go along with Sergei, Just Like the other adults. There Is a general pattern of violence seen throughout the novel â€Å"I'm Not Scared† and there are many victims of it. The most obvious being Fillips being abused by the adults of and Teresa Nominator, Missile's mother also getting beat up by Feline. These terrible acts of violence are seen throughout the entirety of the book and these are Just a few examples of it. At times though, these acts of violence are brought on by sudden acts f rage brought on by another event.Often the characters that commit these acts aren't thinking straight. In the novel â€Å"I'm Not Scared†. Everyone is clearly a victim. Everyone is a victim of differe nt sorts, that is some are victims of kidnap and betrayal, while others are victims of bribery and poverty. As it is clearly demonstrated, Fillips is a victim of kidnap and violence, whilst Michele is a victim of bribery and violence and Pin is a victim of poverty. Being a victim of any of these types can affect the way you appear and behave. These aren't the only characters that are victims though, everyone in the novel is.

Issues on Treasure, Covenants and Easements - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1590 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? The main issues that I would like to discuss are; treasure, covenant and easement. The first issue relates to the Treasure found on Albertà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s land. All Treasure found belongs to the Crown[1]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Issues on Treasure, Covenants and Easements" essay for you Create order To determine whether its treasure, it must come under the categories of treasure[2]. The two main categories that would apply are S1 (c)[3] and S1 (d)[4]. From these sections we are able to say that the 15 bronze coins would fall under S1 (c)3 and the other items found would come under S1 (d)4. Albert would have to report his findings to the local coroner within 14 days1. But Albert may be entitled to a reward, as he is the finder of the items[5]. The second part contains two issues which both are concerned with covenant. In both situations the covenant would be an equitable right, as ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not mentioned under S1 (2)[6]. The first part is concerned with 1926 legislation, as the covenanted was made after the act, in 1958. Under the act[7], the equitable interest is divided into three categories which are family, commercial and residual interest. The covenant would come under commercial interest8. The type of commercial interest this covenant against any busine ss activates would be class D (ii)[8] as stated in the definition. To protect this covenant it must be registered on the land charges register[9]. If the previous owner has registered the covenant correctly on the register, then it would bind Albert and future owners. If the covenant is registered it would be deemed that Albert has actual knowledge of the charge[10]. However if the covenant is not registered then Albert would not be bound by it. From the principal in Midlandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the covenant would not bind Albert if any of the neighbours had told him about it[11]. The second issue relating to the covenant against the boundary would be before 1926 legislation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Equitable rights bind everyone except the bona fide purchaserà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ without noticeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 10 . Albert would be a bona fide purchaser of the value because he acted in good faith, paid a price for the property and had acquired a legal estate. For Albert to be an equityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s darling he must show that he did not have any notice of the covenant. They are three types of notice which are actual, constructive and imputed notice10. Actual notice is when the buyer knows about the rights over the property. But Albert did not have actual knowledge of the covenant as he was not expressly told. Constructive notice is when the buyer would have found out about the right à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if such à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ inspections had been made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ reasonably to have been madeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [12]. Albert must inspect the deed title to see if they are any restrictions. In Hurtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the Buyer had a duty to inspect the property and deed title[13]. In Kingsnorthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s it was held that the lender failed to take reasonable steps to avoid being fixed with constructive notice after he had visited Tizardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s house[14]. Albert may have constructive notice of the restriction. As it would be obvio us if Albert looked at the title that it contained a restriction. To avoid having notice Albert could have inspected the title of the property12. Imputed notice is when the buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s agent has notice of the right12. If notice is given to any party acting on Albertà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behalf then it would be deemed that Albert has notice. But it is not clear whether he is given such notice. Finally in Mohammedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s situation the easement can be legal by long use. Also Mohammed and his father have been using the track for a period of time. If easement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦legal then it would bind the whole worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 10. If they can successful show that the right has be used for 20 years or more then it would bind Albert. However Albert may claim under equitable rights, saying that heà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s equityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s darling. This would not be a stable claim, because if inspection was made Albert may have foreseen the tr ack being used, so therefore he may have constructive notice. In conclusion the treasure would belong to crown, which therefore Albert would not be able to sell it. However the covenant made after 1926, may not bind Albert as it is unlikely that it may be registered from the facts. The covenant made before 1926, may not bind Albert as he might not have any type of notice. Albert may be bound by Mohammedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s easement. Part B In this part I would be discussing overriding interest under registered land, fixtures and chattel. Firstly an overriding interest is an interest that is not on the register. This interest is binding on a purchaser if the interest holder can prove the elements of overriding interest[15]. Both Clive and Daisyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest would be dealt under overriding interest. Clive interest would be dealt under schedule 1[16] as he has a right to leasehold estates in land which is not exceeding seven years. The important elements of overriding interest are that Clive must show that he has interest in property and he is in actual occupation16. Lord Wilberforce stated that actual occupation is when physical presence on the land[17]. Clive is in presence of cottage as he has things in the cottage which he does not intention to remove, but it may be argued that he is not in physical presence as he is not living there. Furthermore Clive may have an interest in property because he intent to seek advice on his option right. In Webbà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the tenants were able to buy freehold because they were in actual occupation of the land and it was an overriding interest[18]. If Clive shows that he was in actual occupation of land, he may be able to obtain his option. The second situation would be dealt under Schedule 3[19]. For Daisyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to be an overriding interest she must show that she was in actual occupation of cottage[20]. It may be difficult for Daisy to shown that she was physic al presence in the property17. In Chhokarà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s it was held a wife had actual occupation of property when in hospital because she always intended to come back[21]. From the situation it can be said that Daisy intended to move back once her treatment is over and therefore may have actual occupation. Also Daisy would have to establish a right and interest in the property20. In Williamsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Mrs Boland had an overriding interest because she had made substantial contributions to the property17. Daisy may be able to prove an interest in property as she has carried out improvement to the cottage and has sent money. Another issue is that if reasonable inspection was made it would be obvious to known about the interest20. In Thomas it was held that if reasonable inspection of property was made then it would have been obvious that someone was in actual occupation[22]. Jayden made an inspection of property. But it was not a careful inspection because Jayden di d not go inside, if had gone inside then would have seen Daisyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s things there. A fixture is part of the land and passes to new owner when land is sold[23]. A chattel is an item present on the land but is not part of the land and would not pass to a new owner23. To determine whether the stone feature was a fixture or chattel we would have to discuss the two fold part test, which is the degree of annexation and purpose of annexation test. Degree of annexation raises a presumption that if attached to the land and more firmly then would be a fixture[24]. In Holland it was held that the looms were fixtures because they were nailed firmly to the floor[25]. The stone feature may have been firmly attached to the land due to its nature and was large. Purpose of annexation is concerned whether if the item is attached to the land for purpose of enjoyment24. But if attached to land with intention of it being part of it or to improve it then would be a fixture24. In Ber kley it was held the plinth was a fixture because it contributed to the overall design[26]. The stone feature may contribute to the overall design as ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s an 18th century farm. It may be argued by Brain that the stone was to be enjoyed in its own right. In Whaley it was held that the tapestry was placed in the room to enhance it[27]. The stone feature may have been placed to enhance the courtyard. In conclusion, if clavier and daisy can prove to have an overriding interest then Jayden would be bound by their interest. However Jayden may be able to overreach their interest if she pays clavier and daisy. The stone feature is likely to be a fixture and Jayden may claim it back. 1 [1] The Treasure Act 1996, S2(1) [2] The Treasure Act 1996, S1 [3] The Treasure Act 1996 ,S1 (c) [4] The Treasure Act 1996, S1 (d) [5] The Treasure Act 1996, S10 [6] Law of Property Act 1925, S1 (2) [7] Land Charge Act 1972 [8] Land Charge Act 1972, D(II) [9]Land Charges Act 1972, S3 (1) [10] Law of Property Act 1925 [11] Midlands Bank V Green [1981] AC 513 [12] Law of Property Act 1925, S.199 [13] Hurt V Luck [1901] 1 Ch 45 [14] Kingsnorth Finance Co Ltd V Tizard [1986] 1 WLR 783 [15] Land Registration Act 2002 [16] Land Registration Act 2002, schedules 1 [17] Williams Glynà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bank V Boland [1981] AC 487 [18] Webb V Pollmount [1966] 1 ALL ER 481 [19] Land Registration Act 2002, schedules 3 [20] Land Registration Act 2002, schedules 3 (par2) [21] Chhokar V Chhokar [1984] FLR 313 [22] Thomas V Clydesdale Bank [ 2010] EWHC 2755 [23] Law Property Act 1925, S.205 [24] Law Property Act 1925 [25] H olland V Hodgson [1872] LR7 CP 328 [26] Berkley V Poulett [1976] EWCA [27] Whaley V Roehrich [1908] 1 Ch 615